Psychological Impact of Socio-Political Factors Essay Example for Free

Psychological Impact of Socio-Political Factors Essay A society is composed of distinct cultures which identifies itself from others. The cultures of societies are distinct and peoples lives are usually patterned from prevalent traditions, practices and beliefs within that culture. Culture could be held responsible in the upbringing of an individual. People continuously conform on the dynamic culture of the society as they adhere on the norms, practices and values. Culture is an ever-changing feature of a society and incessantly develops and redefines attributes based on lifestyles and conditions. It is influenced by various factors that create sustained tight cultures. This will further result on the variations in cultures of a global society. We attribute cultural differences in its historical and ecological context. Socio- political factors also influenced our culture. These factors influence psychological appendages of an individual. As world trade and globalization are greatly emphasized, interaction across culture is increased and cultural diversity becomes a hindrance to fully achieve its objectives. Socio-political factors are in many forms and are inherently embedded in culture. These factors play significant role in molding the identity of a particular society. Socio-political factors are founded based on our beliefs and values and our behavioral tendencies and they were accustomed in our daily lives (Schneider, 2004). Stereotyping There were so many social groups in every country and it makes that particular nation a diverse geographic area. We could easily picture a collage of the various social groups but we could fail to include the real identities and configurations of these social groups (Stangor Schaller, 1996). We may generate a statement on the perception of the characteristics and utilized it to describe the whole group. For example, Germans are hot-tempered and African Americans are rowdy. This process of thought depicts the conventional definition of stereotypes in social psychology, in which stereotypes are regarded as the main picture portraying the totality or the representation of a particular group of individuals. Stereotyping could also exist in the minds of the persons who are being stereotyped (Stangor Schaller, 1996). Stereotyping is a type of socio-political factor where we categorized people based on our beliefs. Perception plays a large part in the social context. Stereotyping is how we perceive people as established by a particular circumstance. In the course of time, stereotypes are considered synonymous to certain constructs that is ordained in the study of stereotypes. Stereotypes are considered as products of categorization, labels, schemas- these constructs tend to overlap each other for they were closely related (Schneider, 2004). Stereotypes is a result of our behavior towards others, it also affect our behavioral patterns toward different kinds of people. There is a substantial participation of group members in fostering stereotyping in people. Shared experiences suggested that stereotypes grew impliedly when members of a particular group perceived a certain category on the other group of individuals (Schneider, 2004). We think in-groups and out-groups as natural phenomena and we perceive them differently. Categorization of groups evolved into stereotyping. Stereotyping could render negative implications, this includes depriving opportunities to the persons being stereotyped based solely on the biased belief of the one assessing them. Stereotyping could be an individual problem and shall consider that it is not a shared knowledge, but when the perception was common in all members of the community; its effects become more noxious because it affects the whole society in the same way (Stangor Schaller, 1996). Stereotyping, therefore, could be looked at two perspectives. It could exist in the persons mind, as representations of a persons beliefs and values. It could also be viewed as a piece of societys social fabric, a part of a larger scale of commonly shared perception of social groups (Stangor Schaller, 1996). It becomes a question if the existence of social reality is individualized or dwell as a shared understanding. The particular distinction between the two lies mainly in the assumed relevance of this common knowledge and its importance and impacts on the lives of each individual within the social group (Stangor Schaller, 1996). Racism Stereotyping could evolve into other socio-political factors that may render detrimental effects. Racism can be widely utilized in everyday life. The concept of racism is negatively burdened, injected with political and moral descriptions. Therefore, claiming someone to be a racist is considered as inappropriate and even immoral. The definition is inclined for connoting political abuse. The definition also offers significance in the field of academics and raise political and moral argumentation (Miles Brown, 2003). Racism is the generalized body of information, real or imaginary, pertaining to a person or group of individual that render benefits or gain on the racist and expense on the one being judged (Memmi et al. , 1999). Racism is the mistreatment of people based on their race. We all belong in a particular race, human race. This resulted from the inequality in the social structures and configurations. It is also a product of inequitable and unequal stratification of economic, political and social means (Sherover-Marcuse, 2000). Racism is defined improperly. There is no established definition for racism, if we would think philosophically, if racism is defined as morally and politically undesirable. There must be a shared understanding on why it is unacceptable. the definition could not established a concrete criteria on whether an account is racist or not. Utilizing the existing definition, we could be all racists. If the broad definition will be adhered, then it impliedly says that American people are all racists (Miles Brown, 2003). Sometimes the description on the person being discriminated is inaccurate and they were being judged based on their color and cultural identity. Thus, it result to social empowerment of the racists and the judgments were passed into concurrent society that affects everyone (Sherover-Marcuse, 2000). Sexism Another socio-political factor that becomes a major dilemma in the society is the concept of sexism. Sexism directs us in the delving into gender studies, but it is a critical issue for it deals with a lot of aspects of gender inequality. Sexism is the inherent belief of the superiority of a particular sex over the other and therefore claims the right to be dominant in society (Curry, 1995). This will lead us in perceiving that in conventional society male is dominant over the female specie. This is evident in our history books and even in the holy scriptures of religions. Most of the messages were addressed to males. The dominance of males connotes the inferiority of females and the deprivation of prerogatives and rights enjoyed by the other sex. Many uprisings of the women sectors have been accounted in history in attempt in obtaining liberation and equality in treatment and opportunities. For example, the acquisition of suffrage is a pivotal event in womens history and the ability to participate in major economic and political activity was celebrated by women in the society. Although there are claims that sexism no longer exists in our society. We could say that it is impliedly manifested through various of means. There were still claims in mistreatment in the workplace and females were not given equal opportunities. Mass media greatly contributes in reinforcing the concept of sexism through the portrayals of women in ads and programs depicting the traditional concept of women as inferior, weak, dependent and as home providers. There is a lack of portrayal of the emerging female specie- dynamic, strong and nurturing. Psychological Impact These socio-political factors have an undeniable psychological impact to a culturally diverse individual. Each person was raised in a society with inherent culture established that distinguished the group of individuals to other group of individuals. Every one of us is composed of layers of cultural learning ascribed or acquired that make up the totality of our individuality. These layers of cultural teachings were acquired through various influences. Every individual was shaped ethnicity, race, religion, education, profession, organization and parents. These attributes are the primary factors that affect the formation of the individuality of a person. Ones gender, peers, family and origin are also vital in redefining the ones cultural identity (Gardenswartz Rowe, 1998). Because we acquired our cultural teachings in different sources we are programmed differently and were reared heterogeneously. Therefore our individual differences make us culturally diverse. The socio-political factors aforementioned could be well-explained and examined under the specific branch of psychology- Evolutionary Psychology. This new branch of psychology is focused on establishing explanations on mental and psychological traits of individuals. There is a growing symbiotic and significant relationship between environmental and social psychology. Evolutionary theory is slowly infiltrate social psychology researchers. Evolutionary psychology examines new frontiers with specialty, like the socio-political factors mentioned above (Perilloux Webster, 2008). It was argued that these factors shaped a persons psychological mechanisms. It was stated that the concept of self do not exist but it was layers of psychological mechanisms (Perilloux Webster, 2008). These socio-political factors discussed above are somehow interconnected with each other. Stereotyping could render significant psychological impacts in the upbringing of an individual. They may obtain wrong information about persons they stereotyped. For stereotypical roles, though shared by a lot of people could not be regarded as true. Stereotyping will reflect implicit behavioral comments like that there are roles more appropriate for men and women. This will create a general perception that some roles are only intended for a particular sex and that the other could not offer strong decisions and capabilities in participating in these certain fields (Swim et al. , 2001). This also indicates that men are better in male-dominated fields (Swim et al. , 2001). Due to the stereotypical roles and attributes being tagged to persons, they were undermined of their capabilities and capacities. It will also say that women are inferior and passive (Swim et al. , 2001), which is untrue about women nowadays. More women are participating in the fields dominated by male before and show exemplary performance in doing tasks. But the greatest implication would be an animosity for women (Swim et al. , 2001). Because of stereotyping, people will create an attitude towards the stereotyped individual.

East of Eden Essay: Mans Creation of God Exposed :: East Eden Essays

Man's Creation of God Exposed in East of Eden      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "It would be absurd if we did not understand both angels and devils, since we invented them" (133). What would also be absurd would be if we chose to believe in them. The Bible is written like any modern day novel, it is written as though it is real. Of course, in a novel coming from a shepherding people, the all-powerful God character prefers sheep to fruit of the land. John Steinbeck's East of Eden-a retelling of the Cain and Abel story-helps explain many of the reasons why backwards religious ideas are clung to and the faults behind them. Through his characters, Steinbeck explores human nature to reveal the emotional need for religion and the situations in society that foster it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In society, people cling to conformity. It's an easy way to avoid trouble or ridicule. Cyrus explains this to Adam when he's describing life in the army: "you'll do things because the others do them. You'll feel the danger in any difference whatever-a danger to the whole crowd of like-thinking, like-acting men." And what happens when someone doesn't conform? "The whole machine devotes itself coldly to the destruction of his difference." (25)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For many people it's much easier for them to not think for themselves. They let the group, society, or their leaders think for them. One example of this is the massive following religious leaders have. People are taught to have faith, that believing is seeing and not the other way around.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Adam finds out that his father-a character who represents God to Charles and Adam-was a fraud he chooses to not believe it: "I believe in the war he did just what he said he did and was just where he said he was." What about the proof-the papers? "I believe they are wrong. I believe in my father" (70). So Adam chooses to believe in his father, even though there is proof that his father was a fraud, a lie, and refuses to even look at the papers.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But why not look at the papers? What keeps Adam from facing facts? It is because "papers are no match at all for [his] faith in [his] father" (71). He has faith to protect him, closing your eyes to reason and looking with your heart instead. But this is beyond faith; this is blind faith-believing without seeing, trusting without reason.

Media and Mass Communications Development on a Healthy Mature Culture Essay

This argumentative essay is specially made to discuss the possibility for media and mass communication to nurture the development of a healthy, mature culture. Overall, the process of media and mass communication media development has already caused changes in the public sphere. The digitalization of media dramatically increases the chances of the people to get an access to the information, which is transferred instantly and often has not been edited by the people in government or media bosses. Thus, the information is now very complicated to control and therefore public has more opportunities to form its own opinion by comparing the facts from the different sources. The major problem, which could be seen right away, is the relation between the today’s process of media development and the actual development of a healthy culture. An assumption could be suggested that media and mass communication are able to influence the development of a healthy and mature culture, but it will require some significant changes form both media owners and their employees, as well as from society itself. Let’s de-construct the elements of the question and consider them in details in order to provide the better analysis. Strinati (2004) claims that the coming of the mass media and the increasing commercialization of culture and leisure resulted in the rise of issues, interests and debates which are still with us today. The researchers talk about culture, but what exactly is a culture? The word origin of culture or, the Latin root of the term is â€Å"colere,† meaning anything from cultivating to inhabiting, protecting, or worshipping. Modern definition of culture is the following: it is a growing sum of â€Å"knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations. † (Muller, 2005) Cultures differ depending on the mentioned elements of culture. As the examples of different cultures, the culture of Eastern and Western countries could be named. Mature† means the situation or the final condition when the full desired growth or development has been reached. â€Å"Healthy† means the robust and well condition; it is also an efficient and sound being. â€Å"Development† is a positive change; it is also a process of growth and an evolution. The word â€Å"nurture† means the act of helping to grow or develop; it is also an act of cultivation of some characteristics. â€Å"Media† are the means of communication that reach large numbers of people, for example, television, newspapers, radio and internet. In agreement to Morley (2000) the current global culture is the culture of hyper mobility where â€Å"we often engaged in border-crossings of one kind or another, but the nature and functions of borders themselves are shifting†. (Morley,2000) We live in the information economy era, in the era of new progressive technologies and communications that break the borders, in the times of social and economic evolution, the public sphere experiences new challenges and face new opportunities in this world full of complexity. Without a doubt the influence of modern mass communication over the culture is considerable. The shifts in the social and other aspects that are influenced by the spread of technologies and new media are powerful and they change our lifestyle, our habits and hobbies: they change the way we are living. Power and Scott (2004), argue the significance of mass media technology for economic and social life may be shown by considering certain developments of the 21st century. The situation in the 21st century in terms of the cultural development and its influence on people is much more complex than ever before. The introduction of internet has a significant influence over business and education because it provides greater learning opportunities than ever before. It is clear that the benefits of new technologies and mass communication for the education are enormous. Many experts claim that media influence the way we live in both positive and negative ways. An individual that aims to gain a significant social success almost can’t achieve it without at least slight use of the information gained through mass communication. Therefore these options can’t be ignored because they affect the majority of spheres of life and bring certain experience of social change. The development of mass media presents some outstanding social opportunities. But at the same time, the successful rise of mass media has also brought up concerns about the negative consequences of its spreading. There no doubt that mass communications and media have the tremendous influence over society and its culture. Bloomfield, Coombs & Knights, 2000) These changes lead to â€Å"new era economics† also known as a knowledge economy, non-linear effects, an unpredictable future, a redefinition of terms, time/distance changes, and much greater transparency. (Bloomfield, Coombs & Knights, 2000) Without a doubt, media sector experience dramatic transformations both in terms of the access to the information, the speed of the information spreading throughout the world and the increasing inability to control the information by the media owners or the government institutions. The processes of total digitalization and media convergence have started in 2000s and the majority of mass media indicate the possibility of turning the print media into fully digital forms by 2020 or 2025. Digital media has potentially revolutionary impact on the lifestyle of society. There is also an idea that media development and digital revolution are the ways â€Å"into an unknown and fundamentally changed future. † (Feldman, 1997) New media and new way of communications not only influence the culture of society, but they also change the way and manners of the socialization of its members. The major advantage of electronic communication and information technologies is the capability to transfer the information faster, at a lower cost, and to more people while also offering increased data communality, and processing. Another important aspect in which the media and mass communication can influence and nurture the development of a new healthy culture is the improved opportunity of learning by obtaining necessary information much faster and easier than ever before. Information acquisition is the process by which information is obtained from the environment and added to the collective stock of knowledge of a person or society in general. Fast information distribution provided by the modern mass communication allows sharing information sources among members of society freely, without the governmental control. The new mass communication also store information, and it plays a critical role in the development of culture, since socially accepted past experiences need to be accumulated for future use.

The Evolution Of Imperialism In Shooting An Elephant By...

As society has progressed, the evolution of imperialism has come to a point where people see it has pure history. It has vanished from our daily lives as we have not recently witness a country trying to dominate another. In â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† by George Orwell, we are able to envision the lives of the Burmese as they were involuntarily controlled by the British. In the early 1900’s we are told a true story of Orwell himself where he was once established in Burma was apart of his military service. During his service, he describes his living situation by noting that the army as well as himself were not appreciated. He mentions, â€Å"As a police officer I was an obvious target and was baited whenever it seemed safe to do so.†(1) One day he†¦show more content†¦At this point, Orwell, â€Å"...had paralyzes him without knocking him down.†(5) The British army was one of the most powerful armies in the world at that time. The Burmese began to ta ke command over their freedom. They have wounded the British army but have not penetrated them enough yet to end them. After the first bullet has entered, the crowd displayed a â€Å"devilish roar of glee†(5). This is a pure example of the Burmese’s feelings toward the British being on their land overruling them. Orwell also noted that if he were to miscalculate his aim and miss the elephant the crowd would trample, reducing him to his grinning corps. All gruesome descriptions that represent the fight that the Burmese are willing to endure for their independence. While the elephant continues to break away, his force begins to diminish â€Å" One could have imagined him thousands of years old.†(5). We now see the power that the Burmese are capable of putting out. The British army is slowly giving up. Orwell shoots again â€Å"...he did not collapse but climbed with desperate slowness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (5). Again, â€Å" That shot did it for him†(5), the Britis h army has lost all their strength to the Burmese, as the Burmese flock to the dying elephant Orwell fires two more times to end the pain and suffering once and for all. The British army has been robbed of all their power, you see them have the vision of re-rising but can not. Eventually the elephant dies, symbolizing the freedom the Burmese have just

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt - 932 Words

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was instrumental in his efforts to reshape and rebuild the United States from a struggling state making his endeavors a personal attachment in American history. First of all, Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s background consisted of, growing up in the country of New York. He attended private school, following Harvard and Colombia law school paving the way for his future civic duty, according to, Faragher, 2009. In 1910, Roosevelt served as an assistant secretary of the Navy from 1913 through 1920. He later then was nominated to become the democratic vice president in 1920. The following year, Roosevelt was diagnosed with polio, enduring a hardship of personal courage and struggle. In 1928, Roosevelt served†¦show more content†¦In response to the growing global conflict Roosevelt’s prepared by instructing congress to increase the U.S Navy, (Faragher, 2009, p.696). He at the time was unable to admit to the public the anticipated involvement of the European conflict. Roosevelt stayed firm to stand for the nations security and supported Americas allies in order to defeat the Nazis movement. Later, on December, 7,1941 Japanese attack planes engaged Pearl harbor on the island of Hawaii. Destroying many U.S Navy ships resulting in a significant American death toll. In response to the attack the united states declared war on Hitler, (Faragher, 2009, p.698). Roosevelt’s plan to mobilize the U.S military into the European conflict meant, creating wartime agencies that would promote participation from the American public towards the war. An agency that stood out was the Office of Scientific Research and Development. This agency brought a competitive edge to the U.S military, medicine and equipment. As the European conflict escalated, back in the United States Roosevelt had generated a new working economy. Many wife’s without the support of their husbands, women stepped up to contribute to the workforce. In the same fashion, for the first time ever women were being allowed to serve in the military as nurses and pilots. In addition, Mexicans, African Americans and IndiansShow MoreRelatedPresident Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay3020 Words   |  13 Pages Franklin Delano Roosevelt is generally regarded as one of the United States’ most effective Presidents. Whether the accolades are entirely justified or Roosevelt’s effectiveness was simply a product of the time period in which he served as President will always be debated. However, one thing that no one can deny is that Roosevelt took an atypical route on his way to becoming President. Whether he was fighting an illness or coping with the death of a loved one, Roosevelt always managedRead MoreFranklin Delano Roosevelt And President Wilson1621 Words   |  7 PagesFranklin Delano Roosevelt was born January 30th, 1882, in New York. FDR was the only child of a wealthy family who made their fortune in the real estate business. In 1900 Roosevelt attended Harvard University. During his time at Harvard, FDR joined the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, became the news editor for the Harvard and became engaged to his future wife Eleanor Roosevelt. He did all of this while also graduating in just three years. After attending Harvard, Roosevelt went to school at ColumbiaRead MoreFranklin Delano Roosevelt And The President Of The United States1210 Words   |  5 Pagesand disability to lead a nation through war? Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) writer of the speech â€Å"Pearl Harbor Address† and the President of the United States of America declared war on Japan in December 8, 1941 after â€Å"December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy† (Roosevelt). A speech analysis on Franklin D. 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Happy County Community College - 778 Words

Happy County Community College was established in 1968. According to The American Community College book (2014), Cohen, Brawer, and Kisker proposed that community colleges were established to train individuals to operate the nation’s expanding industries. However, most community colleges have evolved with the time and new demands from industries (Cohen, Brawer, Kisker, 2014). HCCC seemed to be stuck in time – the twentieth century. At HCCC, facilities were dilapidated, equipment was old, and programs were ineffective (Staat, n.d.). Additionally, Happy County was a thriving and prosperous county, people worked in textile mills. There were ten textile mills in the surrounding areas of Happy County. The textile mill owners built baseball diamonds, a football field, golf courses, and a civic center. Individuals who worked for the textiles mills were considered middle class families and parents encouraged their children to become employed at the textile mills once they graduated from high school. Keywords: textile mills, equipment, facilities, programs, prosperous A Community College Case Study Happy County once was a thriving county, because of their many textile mills. However, in 2009, Happy County became economically destitute. For instance, all but one mill closed down and many people lost their jobs. Some employees took bonuses packages, but the job was gone (Staat, n.d.). Prior to the mills closing down, parents often time wanted their children toShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Child Education881 Words   |  4 Pagest be very happy. But there are many problems circulating education. Many people don t want to fund certain child education places and are eliminating them The other half however, are hoping Obama makes two free years of college for students. 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Total Quality Management A Management Tool to Assess the Quality Stan

Question: Evaluate Total Quality Management as one of the most popular management trends of the past ten years. Answer: Introduction Management is a principle that helps in managing people in an organization. Management comprises of planning, controlling, designing, executing, leading and directing to accomplish its goals and objectives. Management can also be considered as social science that manages social organization. Management includes both innovation and marketing of business and its product to target customers. Before starting any work or business all the organization needs planning. Planning helps the organizations set plan that helps the organization accomplish its goals and objectives. There are various management theories and concepts presented by different authors. The common management theories used in organization widely are the contingency theory, systems theory, chaos theory and theory X and theory Y that helps the workers stay motivated to produce better and efficiency. The principles of scientific management theory are presented by Taylor that uses the principles of science and knowledge in mana gement. The bureaucratic theory of management is resented by Max Weber that is used in administrative environment and management (Hill et al. 2014). The three major theories are administrative theory, scientific management theory and bureaucratic management theory. Henri Fayol has presented 14 principles of management that are applicable to all the organizations or businesses (Easterby et al. 2012). These include: Division of labor- The first principle of management is that that work should be divided and subdivided according to the field of specialization. This makes the work easier and can be completed in lesser time with more efficiency. The labors should be given the work in which it has expertise and specialization in order to increase performance and efficiency (March 2013). Party of authority and responsibility- a person who is given authority should be responsible to handle the operation and task efficiently. Principle of one boss- the organization should have one boss that controls the entire organization to avoid the clash. The theory of one boss is essential as it undermines authority and divides loyalty (Parnell 2013). Unity of direction- unity of direction is planning in a group that is related to similar activities and objectives. It refers to managing departments and organization as whole. Equity- it refers to combination of fairness, equality, kindness and justice in an organization. It is essential to treat the employees in an organization with justice and kindness. Order- this principle refers to arrangement of social order and material order that is proper and systematic in nature. Discipline- discipline means following rules and regulation in an organization with sincerity, obedience, respect and authority. Initiative- all the employees in an organization should be encouraged to take responsibilities and initiatives in an organization for its proper management (Giacalone and Rosenfeld 2013). The other principles of management presented are fair remuneration, stability of tenure, scalar chain, coordination of general interest to specific interest and centralization. The rest part of the report discusses the theory of total quality management and explains the failure and success of an organization by taking the example from real life scenario. It critically evaluates the article presented in the Australian titled the good, bas, ugly by Catherine Fox. The author discusses the total quality management theory and also various theories of management such as benchmark, six sigma and CRM (Hitt et al. 2012). Total quality management (TQM) Total Quality Management (TQM) is a long term approach to manage the work in an organization to increase the customer satisfaction. It is a management success that is achieved in lone run through customer satisfaction. The main aim of the people in an organization is to improve products, services, quality and work productivity and profitability. Total quality management is also sometimes referred to as productive maintenance because the main principle of TQM is to increase productivity. The primary aim is to provide high quality service and products to its customers to increase their satisfaction through management. There is no particular approach or tool that the total quality management policy has developed but it is based on the previous theories of quality control itself (Shafritz et al. 2015). The total quality management approach was very famous in the year 1980s and 1990s that was overtaken by other management theories such as Six Sigma and Customer Relationship Management rec ently. Total quality management aims at improving the performance and quality at each level of operation or development and all levels of responsibility. The origin of Total Quality management was in the year 1950s that has now become very popular. Total Quality Management is the description of culture, attitude, and organization to provide products and services to satisfy the needs of the customers. The total quality management process assesses the quality of the product and rejects the one that does not match the criteria set by the firm. Total Quality Management is the combination of management and quality control that helps in avoiding the loss of the organization by reducing the wasteful practices. It is a management process that integrates all the management theories and concepts such as finance, marketing, design, production and customer service. It is a collection of process that aims at including knowledge and skills in its experiences and operations (Wagner 2013). Total Quality Management (TQM) is the base for actions that includes: Commitment by senior management and the employees Specific incorporation in strategic planning. Meeting customer requirement Improvement plans Reducing development cycle times Recognition and celebration Systems to facilitate improvement Goals and benchmarking that are challenging Improvement teams Reducing costs of services and products in an organization (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Total Quality Management is not only applicable in business houses and corporate field but also is practiced in all activities such as manufacturing unit, engineering, research and development, Human resource, sales and purchasing, marketing and personal management. Total Quality Management principles Total quality management is used in organizations whose main focus is on its customers. There are various methods that the quality management approach uses such as strategy, data and effective communications to incorporate quality and discipline in culture and activities of an organization (Sallis 2014). There are eight principles of Total Quality Management that are as follows: Customer focused - the first principle of Total Quality Management is to improve customer satisfaction. It is the clients that determine the level of quality because the whole judgment depends on them. No matter what an organization puts to improve the quality at the end it is the customers who decide that whether they like the product or not. The main aim of the organization should be on customers (Cummings and Worley 2014). Total employee involvement- employees are an essential part if the organization. They are the ones on whom the total production depends. The employees should be trained in such a way that they provide good quality products to its customers. The workers should be motivated to give their best in the operation and should be treated with kindness and fairness to keep them included in the process of organization. Empowerment is self management team (Cummings and Worley 2014). Process centered- another essential principle of Total Quality Management is approach towards process thinking. A process can be defined as transforming raw material or inputs into output that is valuable in nature. It is a step that involves both internal and external factors. The organizations should regularly monitor the process at each level of production starting from its core (Cummings and Worley 2014). Integrated system- Total Quality Management focuses on horizontal integration of organization. It is essential for the people within an organization to understand the mission, vision and goals of the organization in order to carry out their work process in an efficient way. It is also essential for the organizations to understand the guiding principles by defining the quality objectives, policies and process. Every organization has its own unique culture that should be evaluated by the experts. The integrated system approach is used to improve the business system in such a way that it improves the expectations of employees. Customers and stakeholders (Cummings and Worley 2014). Strategic and systematic approach- the organizations should adopt a strategic and systematic approach to improve its productivity and accomplish its goals and mission of the organization. Strategic management involves tactical planning, operational planning and marketing and promotional activities. The main strategic component of planning should be quality. Continual improvement- another principle of Total Quality Management is continuous improvement of operations in an organization. It is the major thrust of TQM. It helps the organization to be analytical and innovative in its process. It also helps the firms become more competitive and effective while meeting its stakeholders expectation. Fact based decision making- it is essential for all the organization to evaluate and collect the data regularly on its performance so that it can form strategies related to that. Data collection helps the organizations become more accurate and helps in providing prediction based on its history. Communications- proper communication is the most essential part of Total Quality Management. Communication helps in motivating employees and maintaining their morale. Communication involves strategies, methods and timelines (Cummings and Worley 2014). Total Quality Management principle provides the elements for the organization to improve their performance and quality. Basically the principles of Total Quality Management can be divided into five heads such as producing quality work at first time of production itself, focus in customers, strategic approach to improvement, continuous improvement and encouraging team work and mutual respect. The main principle is to meet the customers requirement and expectation (Madu 2012). Implementation of Total Quality Management in organizations The primary step to imply Total Quality Management in organization is to examine and assess its current reality. Proper data base should be formed related to its past trends, conditions, current needs and future expectation. It is also essential for the organization to analyze the working quality and performance of its employees. It is easy to implement Total Quality Management in its management process if the organization has a track record of its responsiveness to environment and its entire internal and external factor. Total Quality Management can be delayed in an organization if it is not in a state to achieve success. For the Total Quality Management to be accessible in firms it requires a well knowledge and skilled leader that can management the process. An organization should be healthy and well established before implying the Total Quality Management process in its approach. Implying Total Quality Management in its process needs to strategically outline. TQM should be purpose driven in nature with definite goals and strategies. It is a powerful tool that helps in improving employee productivity and potential, reducing bureaucracy and costs of the firm and improving service to its customers and the entire community. Total Quality Management is a long term process and approach in organizations (Conti 2012). Many organizations have implied the concept of Total Quality Management in its process. The author takes the example of Ford Motor Company to explain the theory and evaluate whether it has proved to be a success or failure. Example of real life scenario: Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is an American multinational company whose headquarter is in Dearborn. The company is indulged in producing auto locomotives and was founded in the year 1903 by Henry Ford as the name suggests. The company is involved in manufacturing and selling cars and motors under the brand name of Ford. It basically is involved in selling automobiles and commercial vehicles. It was responsible for introducing the largest scale manufacturing of cars and management of industrial workforce using engineering techniques and methods. The management theory used by Ford was classified under the heading of Fordism that was used by many other industries and organizations as well. It is the second largest automaker in United States after the general motors. Based on 2010 evaluation it is the fifth largest motor company in the world (Financial Review. 2015). Total Quality Management in Ford Motor Company started in the year 1980s when the slogan of the company was Quality is job 1. Total Quality Management worked in the company in 1980s to 1990s. Now the slogan of the company has changed to Ford has better idea. The six sigma theory of management plays a greater role in management process at present. When Total Quality Management process was introduced in Ford Company then the company involved itself in a joint venture. Total Quality Management was introduced in the organization to improve its process technology and methodology so that it could increase customer satisfaction in the organization. The companies involved in a partnership with ChemFil to divide the work and produce a better quality product and motor, provide a stable environment for the workforce and manage the organization effectively to increase its profitability. The slogan of quality of job first was transformed into quality people and quality products. The main purpose of partnership with the paint company ChemFil was to improve the quality of the products to satisfy customer along with improving its financial condition. Total Quality Management process in Ford Company was managed by the manager of ChemFil. The process of preparation was managed by painting design customer so that the company would be able to meet the customer standards. The workers in the industry were provided basic training so that it would be able to apply paint to a quality outcome (GABOR 2016). In 1999 the Total Quality Management revisited the company when Terry Chennault joined the organization. Terry Chennault along with Phong Vu revisited the risk management and revived its Total Quality Management process in its operation and methodology. Though many managers were involved in introducing Total Quality Management concept in organization but the real credit goes to the founder of the company Henry Ford in 1980. Total Quality Management helped the industry identify the waste products and helped to develop the innovative quality product. The Ford warranty scheme system improved and was far superior then many other systems. By adopting the six sigma strategy and Total Quality Management process the number of products that came for repair under warranty was reduced by sixty percent. The engineering analysis in the organization helped the company in launching many new products. The quality controlling system is essential in the company to identify and correct the problems ide ntified in the manufacturing system. It involves coordination of engineering technician, cross functional unit, plant management and production specialists. The Total Quality Management process was overcome by six sigma roles. The company greatly relies on this process for its management (Qualitydigest.com. 2016). Total Quality Management in Ford Motor Company helped in transforming the corporate culture from traditional hierarchy that transformed economic model to a total quality management. Total Quality Management model puts forward quality control, customer satisfaction and work force satisfaction ahead of profit and other information implementation. V Total Quality Management helped the company not only reduce its cost and flexibility but also helped the company improve its working environment. Total Quality Management was specially designed for the construction standard of the company. The supply quality evaluation involves quality, production, technical, delivery and commercial methods and processes (Boulter et al. 2013). Ford motor company uses the following Total Quality Management techniques that include as follows: Six sigma Quality operating System (QOS) Developed their own quality process or 5 S. The DMAIC process. The result of the Total Quality Management was very stunning in Ford Motor Company that helped the company improve its quality to a great extent. The company was facing loss in the year 1979 to 1982. The loss accounted for $3 billion of the company that greatly decreased the companys profit. Adoption of Total Quality Management assessment helped the organization improve its profit condition after which it became the most profitable American auto company at the end of 1986. The question of quality rose again in Ford Company. In fact the survey shows that the quality and customer satisfaction of the Ford Company cannot be compared with its competitors. The adoption of the Total Quality Management was more beneficial for the company when compared to the six sigma quality control management process. Experts say that if Ford had stuck to Total Quality Management process then the problems that it faces currently would be less. The executives of the Ford Company who had acquired this techni que were replaced by other technicians who had other priorities to look into. Management of quality was not their first priority. Total Quality Management made the company realize that it is very important for the organization to increase its efficiency by reducing errors and be more customer focused working closely by looking into supplies, design and manufacturing unit. Total Quality Management helps the organizations keep motivated that in turn helps the organization increase its productivity. Adoption of Total Quality Management has helped the organization grow in the past (Talib and Rahman 2012). Ford and Toyota are the two companies that use the contrasting methods of management as they are the rivals in the competitive world. Ford greatly uses the scientific management approach for its operation while Toyota uses Total Quality Management process for management of its process. Fords management process includes a quality department in its operation that is responsible for checking and evaluating the defects in its manufacturing products. The company checks the quality of the product after assembling the cars. The management process of both Ford Company and Toyota Company has proved to be one of the best management processes in the world (Talib 2013). Evaluation of the article The author critically evaluates the article titled The good, bad and ugly by Catherine Fox on 17th July 2015. The article evaluates and discusses the following terms in the article presented in The Australian. The article evaluates that it was difficult for the organizations to avoid six sigma in the management process in the Australian corporate business houses. The article presents a guide of good, bad and ugly of the past ten years by evaluating and discussing the following terms (Conti 2012). Benchmarking Benchmarking is a term used to compare the business policies and strategies with its rivals in the competitive world. According to the article it is essential for the firm to evaluate the policies and strategies of its business but it is feasible only to some extent. Benchmarking is a term in management that describes the comparison of organizations policies, products, programs and strategies with its competitive to evaluate that whether the laid strategy will yield the benefit or not. The main aim of benchmarking is to check the scope for improvement. Comparing production time and cost is essential with its standard process but it also has some limitation. Benchmarking is essential for the commoditized process or services. The concept of benchmarking is evaluated in the book written by Kaplan and Norton The Balanced scorecard in the year 1996. The concept of benchmarking was widely used across the organizations and executives in the year 1980s. But now the organizations and executiv es want the concept of benchmarking to expand and include the operational and employee skills. The Balanced Scorecard includes four parameters of measuring quality and performance of the organization. The experts say that it is difficult to implement the balanced scorecard in organizations because its lacks some efficiency and concept. It lacks efficient data collection method. The four parameters of balanced score card are measuring the time, quality and cists of the products produced by the firm. Measuring competencies and processes such as employee skills and productivity/ it includes monitoring of the product at time of the launch. It also includes cash flows operation efficiencies and return on equity. Balanced scorecard is still used by few organizations in its management process particularly in sectors that uses the ESG framework that is environmental, social and governance (Camp 2013). Total Quality Management The process of Total Quality Management had started losing its importance. It came in existence and revisited when six sigma was introduced in organizations. The concept of Total Quality Management has its origin from United States that is just an imitation of a manufacturing approach of Japans manufacturing unit after World War 2. It is an effort put by the organization to deliver high quality products to its customers. It typically draws heavily on the quality control of the organization. Total Quality Management gained its popularity during late 1980s and 1990s but was greatly overshadowed by ISO 9000, lean manufacturing and Six Sigma (Zehir et al. 2012). Six Sigma Six Sigma is a statistics concept that uses standard deviation to evaluate the performance of the company. It is a concept that was developed by Motorola in the year 1986. The main aim of using the technique of Six Sigma is to find out the number of defects and errors in the business process to minimize the variability in the manufacturing unit. Six Sigma is a complex tool that requires the team of experts in an organization to evaluate the process critically. It is a set of quality management methods within an organization that requires special experts and champions classified into black belt and green belt (Basu and Wright 2012). The lean Six Sigma process or a concept is the technique that indicates removing the process in an organization that adds no value in the final product. Basically it is a concept to keep in the process only the valuable process escalating processes that dont add any value to the final product. The approach of Six Sigma has mixed reviews with both drawbacks and advantages. It has mixed results over the past ten years. Few critics believe that the process of cost cutting is too narrow and does not allow the organizations to focus on innovation and customer relationships. The results and the survey shows that sixty percent of the organizations fail to yield the desired result by using the Six Sigma technique in its operation. The concept of Six Sigma is only used to improve the business performance by eradicating the processes that doesnt add any value. It has no scope for the growth of the business. It can make the businesses more efficient by cutting the cost and fat but it cannot help the business to grow through acquisition or new ideas. Many Australias industries and firms still use BHP Billiton and Telstra (Pyzdek and Keller 2014). Customer relationship management (CRM) The term customer relationship management was introduced in the year 1995. The main aim of the approach was to make the management of customers easier. It was a process to collaborate complex datas in a meaningful way. Customer relationship is all about providing them good quality products and meeting their expectation. Maintaining customer relation is a complex term as it takes a plenty of time and requires more time in collecting data rather than encouraging actual selling. The basic aim of customer relationship management is to improve the customer service by providing high quality products. Customers are the end user and they are the ones to identify and conclude whether the quality or the product provided to them is of high quality or not. It is essential for the organizations to meet the expectations and requirements of customers. Maintaining customer relationship management requires good and quality training of employees in an organization. It is essential for the firms to eva luate the customer behavior before providing them any product (Neslin 2014). The main aim of the above article is to evaluate the article critically and discuss the good, bad and ugly phase of the management theories in the past ten years. The article uses then terms such as benchmarking, collaboration, customer relationship management, total quality management and Six Sigma (The Australian. 2015). Benefits of total quality management TQM has various tools that the business can use to improve its performance such as benchmarking, failure analysis, process management, statistical process control and product design control. It can be implemented in any part of the organization such as accounting, financial service, maintenance, and sales and marketing (Zehir et al. 2012). The advantages of total quality management are: Cost reduction- total quality management helps the firms to maintain it process at low cost. It reduces the cost especially in the areas of rework, scrap and warranty cost service. Hence this helps in increasing the profitability of the firm. Customer satisfaction- total quality management helps to satisfy the customer and gain brand loyalty because now the company produces better quality goods and services. It also helps the firm to increase its market share. Defect reduction- Total quality management helps the firms reduce errors and defects in an organization. Morale- it also helps in boosting employee morale that in turn reduces the employee turnover that results in increase in productivity (Talib and Rahman 2012). Disadvantages of total quality management Total quality management also has some disadvantages that are follows: Total quality management demands a change in culture of organization that is complex in nature. It requires change in the attitude of customers and others attached to the organization. It also requires planning, time, demands and resources because it includes planning time, and resource allocation. Quality is expensive in nature as it is expensive to implement it. It includes transaction cost, consultant fees and infrastructural development. It is a long term approach that takes years to show the effective result because of the competitive environment in which it operates globally. Many organizations cannot afford luxury time. Total quality management also discourages creativity as innovation is not encouraged. It discourages new ideas that can possibly decrease productivity. It is also not a quick fix solution. Many organizations have ended up losing financially (Madu 2012). Conclusion Total quality management is a management tool to assess the quality standards of organizations. It is an approach that is mainly used in an organization whose main focus is on customers. There are many tools and approaches that the organizations adopt to assess its quality. These include Six Sigma approach and ISO 9001. It is a long term approach used in organizations to satisfy the customer and increase its efficiency and productivity. Many organizations have applied total quality management in its management process. These organizations include Ford Motor Company, Toyota and Xerox Company. Total Quality Management has proved to be a better approach than six sigma approach in evaluating customers and rejecting the products that have not met the quality criteria of industries. The author critically evaluates the article provided in The Australia that has used many terms such as benchmarking and balanced scorecard. Six Sigma is an approach that uses standard deviation to evaluate the number of defects in an organization. The main aim of the total quality management process is to improve the business performance by evaluating the quality of the product that the firms produce. It also aims at improving the customer relation. There are various management theories presented by various authors that many organizations use in its process to management the work. It is essential for the firms and organizations to plan the work ahead. Planning helps the work to strategies the work effectively and saves the time as well. It helps the fir operate in a low cost and makes its efficient. Total quality management helps the firms to improve its productivity and profitability. Various management theories that have been useful are scientific management theories, bureaucratic and administrative management theory. Total quality management theory is a holistic approach that helps the firms achieves success in long term. It has been proved to be better in Ford motor company as the man agement process has helped the firm increase its profit and productivity. Recently the company relies on six sigma approach that has increased the problems to the company. There are many advantages of total quality management that has helped businesses grow in long term. The good and bad article helps to identify the organizations pros and cons of management in past ten years. It is essential to manage the work in the competitive world to gain advantage. Management strategy is an essential part of organization. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Basu, R. and Wright, J.N. eds., 2012.Quality beyond six sigma. Routledge. Bhala, K.T., Yeh, W. and Bhala, R., 2016.International Investment Management: Theory, Ethics and Practice. Routledge. Boulter, L., Bendell, T. and Dahlgaard, J., 2013. 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